Overview
Use multi-word prepositions — despite, because of, due to, in addition to, as a result of — in formal writing.
Cause and Reason
- because ofbecause of + noun: cancelled because of bad weather
- due todue to + noun: delayed due to technical issues (formal)
- owing toowing to + noun: postponed owing to unforeseen circumstances
- as a result ofas a result of + noun: improved as a result of the reforms
Contrast and Addition
- despitedespite + noun/gerund: succeeded despite the difficulties
- in spite ofin spite of: completed in spite of the setbacks
- in addition toin addition to the report, she prepared slides
- on behalf ofsigned on behalf of the company by its legal representative
Common Mistakes
- ❌ because of he was late → ✅ because he was late (clause) OR because of his lateness (noun)
- ❌ due to he failed → ✅ due to his failure (+ noun phrase only)
- ❌ despite of → ✅ despite the difficulties (no 'of')
When to use
Business writing
The project was delayed owing to supply chain disruptions.
Academic essays
Despite considerable opposition, the bill was passed.
News reports
In addition to the arrests, three suspects remain at large.
Formal reports
As a result of the review, several recommendations were issued.