Overview
Express contrast using although, even though, despite, in spite of, whereas, and while.
Contrast Connectors
- Conjunctionalthough, even though, while, whereas + clause
- Adverbhowever, nevertheless, yet, still + new sentence
- Prepositiondespite, in spite of + noun / -ing form
- Formalnotwithstanding, regardless of (very formal)
Key Differences
- although links two clauses: Although it was cold, she swam.
- despite + noun/gerund: Despite the cold, she swam.
- however starts a new sentence: It was cold. However, she swam.
- whereas contrasts two different situations: He studies hard, whereas she relaxes.
Common Mistakes
- ❌ Despite it was cold → ✅ Despite the cold / Although it was cold
- ❌ However it rained, we went → ✅ Although it rained
- ❌ In spite of she was tired → ✅ In spite of being tired
When to use
Academic writing
Although the results were promising, further research is needed.
Business reports
Despite a slow start, sales improved in Q4.
Discussion
The plan is risky. Nevertheless, we should proceed.
Comparing ideas
Tom prefers structure, whereas Anna likes flexibility.