Overview
A dynamic passive describes an action or event: The window was broken (someone broke it). A stative passive describes a resulting state: The window is broken (its current condition). The difference lies in whether the focus is on the action occurring or the state that results. Confusion between these two is a common error.
Two Types of Passive
- dynamicDescribes an action/event — what happened.
- exampleThe window was broken (someone broke it).
- stativeDescribes a resulting state — current condition.
- exampleThe window is broken (it is in a broken state).
- keySame form — different time and meaning.
Side-by-Side Comparison
- dynamic pastThe door was locked by the guard. (action)
- stative pres.The door is locked. (current state)
- dynamicThe report was completed yesterday.
- stativeThe report is completed — ready to send.
- contextContext and tense reveal which type is meant.
Common Confusion
- The shop is closed = stative (it is currently in a closed state).
- The shop was closed by the owner = dynamic (action).
- ❌ The window was broken by itself → Use dynamic only for deliberate actions.
When to use
States vs Actions
The store is closed. / The store was closed at 6pm.
Written Reports
The contract is signed and ready to proceed.
Describing Results
The machine is fixed — you can use it now.
Grammar Precision
Understanding this distinction avoids ambiguity.