Overview
Advanced linking words express complex logical relationships: nevertheless (concession), consequently (result), albeit (concession, formal), notwithstanding (despite), whereas (contrast), inasmuch as (formal reason). They are essential for B2+ academic and formal writing.
Linking by Function
- Additionfurthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more
- Resulttherefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence
- Contrasthowever, nonetheless, on the contrary, by contrast
- Examplefor instance, for example, such as, namely, that is
Formal vs Informal
- Informal: also, but, so, and — avoid in academic writing
- Formal addition: furthermore, moreover (start sentences)
- Formal result: therefore, consequently (not 'so')
- Formal contrast: however, nevertheless (not 'but' alone)
Common Mistakes
- ❌ Therefore he didn't come → ✅ He therefore didn't come / Therefore, he didn't come.
- ❌ Furthermore he is tall → ✅ needs two separate ideas being added, not description
- ❌ Using thus in casual speech — it is formal/written only
When to use
News Articles
Sales dropped. Consequently, the factory closed.
Academic Essays
The evidence is clear. Moreover, it is widely supported.
Formal Debate
The policy works in theory. In practice, however, it fails.
Reports
Three issues were identified; namely, cost, time, and resources.