Overview
Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical links between sentences — pronouns, connectors, and synonyms. Coherence refers to the logical flow and unity of ideas across a whole text. Good writing needs both: cohesion at the sentence level and coherence at the paragraph and text level.
Cohesion — Sentence Links
- PronounsThe manager read the report. He found errors in it.
- ConnectorsResults were positive. However, more testing is needed.
- SynonymsThe students studied. The learners sat the exam.
- EllipsisShe can play piano and [she can] sing.
Coherence — Logical Flow
- Every paragraph has a clear topic sentence.
- Ideas move from general → specific.
- Each sentence connects to the paragraph's main point.
- Paragraphs follow a logical order.
Key Cohesive Devices
- Additionfurthermore, in addition, moreover, also
- Contrasthowever, nevertheless, on the other hand
- Causetherefore, as a result, consequently
- Examplefor example, for instance, such as
When to use
Essays
However, the results suggest a different conclusion.
Reports
Furthermore, the data confirms the initial hypothesis.
Formal emails
As a result, we have decided to postpone the meeting.
Academic prose
In contrast, previous studies found no significant difference.