Overview
Formal reporting uses complete structures (She confirmed that she would attend), formal verbs (state, assert, maintain), and full tense backshift. Informal reporting may omit 'that', skip backshift (She said she can't come), or use spoken markers (Apparently, he's not coming).
Register in Reported Speech
- InformalShe goes, 'I can't come.' / She was like, 'No way!'
- NeutralShe said she couldn't come.
- FormalShe indicated that she would be unable to attend.
- AcademicShe confirmed that her attendance would not be possible.
Verb Register Differences
- Informalsaid, told, asked, went (went on to say)
- Neutralexplained, replied, answered, noted
- Formalstated, indicated, confirmed, acknowledged
- Academicargued, contended, asserted, demonstrated
Context Matters
- Match your reporting verb to the purpose and audience.
- Text messageShe said she'd be late.
- Business emailShe confirmed she would be delayed.
- Academic paperThe respondent indicated a delay was likely.
When to use
Casual texts
He said he'd call me later.
Work emails
She confirmed she would attend the meeting.
Journalism
The minister stated that reforms were imminent.
Academic
The author argues that the evidence is compelling.