Overview
Hypothetical reported statements use the same conditional forms as the original, but with backshift where applicable. If + past simple → if + past perfect (2nd → 3rd conditional shift). Wish and if only structures also appear in reported form. Third conditional forms do not backshift as they are already in the past hypothetical.
Reporting Hypotheticals
- Second conditional'If I had more time, I would help.'
- ReportedShe said if she had had more time, she would have helped.
- Third conditional'If I had known, I would have called.'
- ReportedHe said if he had known, he would have called. (no change)
Third Conditional — No Change
- Third conditional already uses past perfect — it does not backshift further.
- Direct'If she had arrived on time, we would have met her.'
- ReportedHe said if she had arrived on time, they would have met her. ✓
Wish & Hypothetical Reporting
- Direct'I wish I could help you,' she said.
- ReportedShe said she wished she could help me.
- Direct'I'd rather not go,' he said.
- ReportedHe said he'd rather not go.
When to use
Conversation
She said if she had more money, she would travel.
Academic
The researcher said if the sample had been larger, results would differ.
Legal
He said if he had known, he would have acted differently.
Business
She said if the budget allowed, they would expand the team.