Overview
Multi-word prepositions are groups of words that act as a single preposition. Examples include in front of, next to, out of, apart from, instead of, because of, and in accordance with. They are essential for formal and academic writing.
Common multi-word prepositions
- in spite ofIn spite of the difficulty, she succeeded.
- in addition toIn addition to grammar, we study vocabulary.
- instead ofHe emailed instead of calling.
- according toAccording to the report, sales rose.
- as a result ofProduction fell as a result of the strike.
- based onThe theory is based on recent research.
Grammar rules
- Multi-word prepositions are followed by a noun or -ing form.
- In spite of + noun/gerund: In spite of being tired.
- Instead of + noun/gerund: Instead of calling, she texted.
Common Mistakes
- ❌ According of the report. → ✅ According to the report.
- ❌ In spite to the difficulty. → ✅ In spite of the difficulty.
- ❌ In spite of he was tired. → ✅ In spite of being tired. (-ing)
When to use
Reports
In addition to cost savings, efficiency improved.
Academic writing
Based on the findings, a new model is proposed.
Business
Instead of cutting staff, they reduced hours.
Contrast writing
In spite of the challenges, the project succeeded.