Overview
Present simple backshifts to past simple (He is tired → She said he was tired). Present continuous backshifts to past continuous (She is cooking → He said she was cooking). If reporting something still true at the time of reporting, backshift may be omitted.
Present Simple → Reported
- Direct'I work in London,' she said.
- ReportedShe said she worked in London.
- Direct'He plays tennis every week.'
- ReportedShe said he played tennis every week.
Present Continuous → Reported
- Direct'I am studying medicine,' he said.
- ReportedHe said he was studying medicine.
- Direct'We are moving next month.'
- ReportedShe said they were moving next month.
Permanent Truths — No Change
- When reporting permanent facts, backshift is optional.
- FactShe said the Sun rises in the east. ✓
- FactHe said water boils at 100°C. ✓
When to use
Conversation
She said she was enjoying the course.
Emails
He confirmed he was working on the report.
News
The company said it was expanding operations.
Academic
The author argues that language shapes thought.